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Xenocrates

c396-314 BCE

Xenocrates, attributes to Triptolemus "the most ancient of the Athenian legislators…the laws, Honour your parents; Sacrifice to the Gods from the fruits of the earth; Injure not animals" (Porphyry, On Abstinence From Animal Food) Xenocrates treats of "the food derived from animals as unwholesome, inasmuch as it has already been elaborated and assimilated to the souls of the irrational creatures" (Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata). And relating the story of "how the Athenians gave judgment upon a certain person who had flayed a living ram" tells us "For my part I cannot think him worse criminal that torments a poor creature while living, than a man that shall take away its life and murder it. But (as it seems) we are more sensible of what is done against custom than against Nature "(Plutarch, Of Eating of Flesh).

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Plutarch [ca46-120], Of Eating of Flesh, translated by. William Gent in Vol. V. of Plutarch’s Morals, translated from the Greek by Several Hands, corrected and revised by William W. Goodwin, with an introduction by Ralph Waldo Emerson, 5 Volumes (Boston, 1874); Online at Google Books.

I remember that three days ago, as I was discoursing, I made mention of a saying of Xenocrates, and how the Athenians gave judgment upon a certain person who had flayed a living ram. For my part I cannot think him worse criminal that torments a poor creature while living, than a man that shall take away its life and murder it. But (as it seems) we are more sensible of what is done against custom than against Nature.

Clement of Alexandria [d. ca215], Prayers and Praise from a Pure Mind, Ceaselessly Offered, Far Better Than Sacrifices" in =The Stromata, or Miscellanies in Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria Vol. 2 in Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325 edited by A. Roberts and J. Donaldson in 10 vols. ([Print Basis: 1885-96 American reprint of the 1866-72 Edinburgh edition; Online at Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2004])

Now Xenocrates, treating by himself of "the food derived from animals," and Polemon in his work On Life according to Nature, seem clearly to say that animal food is unwholesome, inasmuch as it has already been elaborated and assimilated to the souls of the irrational creatures.

Porphyry [ca245-ca305], On Abstinence From Animal Food; Book the Fourth in The Select Works of Porphyry, trans. by Thomas Taylor (First English Edition, London, 1823; Online at Animal Rights History, 2003)

We learn, therefore, that Triptolemus was the most ancient of the Athenian legislators; of whom Hermippus, in the second book of his treatise on Legislators, writes as follows: "It is said, that Triptolemus established laws for the Athenians. And the philosopher Xenocrates asserts, that three of his laws still remain in Eleusis, which are these, Honour your parents; Sacrifice to the Gods from the fruits of the earth; Injure not animals." Two of these, therefore, he says, are properly instituted. For it is necessary that we should as much as possible recompense our parents for the benefits which they have conferred on us ; and that we should offer to the Gods the first-fruits of the things useful to our life, which they have imparted to us. But with respect to the third law, he is dubious as to the intention of Triptolemus, in ordering the Athenians to abstain from animals. Was it, says he, because he thought it was a dire thing to slay kindred natures, or because he perceived it would happen, that the most useful animals would be destroyed by men for food? Wishing, therefore, to make our life as mild as possible, he endeavoured to preserve those animals that associate with men, and which are especially tame. Unless, indeed, because having ordained that men should honour the Gods by offering to them first-fruits, he therefore added this third law, conceiving that this mode of worship would continue for a longer time, if sacrifices through animals were not made to the Gods. But as many other causes, though not very accurate, of the promulgation of these laws, are assigned by Xenocrates, thus much from what has been said is sufficient for our purpose, that abstinence from animals was one of the legal institutes of Triptolemus. Hence, those who afterwards violated this law, being compelled by great necessity, and involuntary errors, fell, as we have shown, into this custom of slaughtering and eating animals. The following, also, is mentioned as a law of Draco: "Let this be an eternal sacred law to the inhabitants of Attica, and let its authority be predominant for ever viz. that the Gods, and indigenous Heroes, be worshipped publicly, conformably to the laws of the country, delivered by our ancestors; and also, that they be worshipped privately, according to the ability of each individual, in conjunction with auspicious words, the firstlings of fruits, and annual cakes. So that this law ordains, that divinity should be venerated by the first offerings of fruits which are used by men, and cakes made of the fine flour of wheat.