Animal Rights History—Free Online Library »» Victorian Age, Anti-Vivisection & Early the 20th Century

Howard Williams, The Ethics of Diet, "Empedoklês"

IV.

EMPEDOKLÊS. Circa 450, B C.

THE most remarkable of the poet-philosophers of Antiquity—the highly eulogised of the greatest of Latin poets—Empedoklês, of Agrigentum (the modern Girgenti) in Sicily, may fitly be regarded as Pythagorean in his ethical principles; although commonly classed as of the (so-called) Eleatic School, It is possible that he may have heard the celebrated instructor of Euripides and of Periklês, Anaxagoras, with whom his physics seem to have been partly in agreement. It is unnecessary to discuss, in detail, his abtruse physical theories, which, like those of the old Hellenic savants, in general, can have little interest for the ordinary reader. It will be enough to state the distinguishing feature of his philosophy—a sort of Zoroastrianism in physics—to have consisted in the theory that the principles of Benevolence and Malevolence are in constant antagonism in the physical universe—that Benevolence or Love is the motive power which alone tends to hold together the discordant cosmic elements. As for the human animal himself, "the Agrigentine" taught Love, conjoined with pure Intellect, to be the only true means of his attaining the knowledge. He was idealist in rejecting with Plato, and the School of Berkeley, and Kant in modern times, the reality of the impressions of the senses. Of the four elements, with Herakleitus, "the weeping philosopher, [33] he taught Fire to be the chief of the primordia rerum, and the central soul of the universe.

So great was his fame for the higher Gnosis and, in particular, for medical science, that even during his lifetime he was regarded as semi-divine, and he himself was commonly asserted to have aspired to divine honours. In fact, it must be owned that in spite of, or perhaps, by reason of his marvellous attainments, he seems, with other transcendental intellects, not to have been able wholly to resist that "last infirmity of noble minds," the temptation of Fame. But there can scarcely be a doubt that much of the extravagant assumptions, as well as opinions, attributed to him by gossiping writers hostile to Pythagoreanism, is pure fable; otherwise it is improbable that Lucretius would have made him the subject of special eulogy in his rationalistic poem.^*

Only fragments of his philosophical poems On Nature, the Discourse on Medicine (some 470 verses), and theLustral Precepts remain.^† It is thus that he sings of the "Golden Age":—"Then every animal was tame, and familiar with men—both mammals and birds; and mutual love prevailed The trees flourished with perpetual leaves and fruits, and ample crops adorned their boughs throughout the year Nor had these happy people any War-God, nor had they any mad violence for their divinity. Nor was their monarch Zeus or Kronos or Poseidon, but Queen Kypris [the divinity of Love]. Her favour they besought with fragrant essences, and censers of pure myrrh, and frankincense, and with golden honey. The altars did not yeek with the blood of oxen."

Elsewhere he affirms:—"Blessed is the man who has obtained the riches of the wisdom of God. Wretched is he who has a false opinion about things divine.…He [Page 34] [the Supreme] may not be approached…He is all pure mind, holy, and infinite,^* darting with swift thought through the Universe." Exhorting the world to abandon the foul diet of blood, he exclaims :—"Will you not put an end to this accursed slaughter? Will you not see that you are destroying yourselves in blind ignorance of soul? "^† By birth and connections Empedoklês belonged to the aristocratic or wealthy classes, who oppressed the masses of the people; yet, like the Roman Gracchi, he threw in his lot with the party of revolution, and assisted in the expulsirn of the reigning tyrant. "His zeal, in the establish inert of political equality, is said to have been manifested by his disinterested support of the poor, by his severity in denouncing the overbearing conduct of the aristocrats, and in his declining the sovereignty which was offered to him."^‡ A distinguished writer of the present day has compared him to the great English prophet-poet. "Empedoklês resembles Shelley in the quality of his imagination, and in many of his utterances. The belief in a beneficent, universal, soul of Nature, the hatred of animal food, the love of all innocent things moving or growing on the face of the Earth, the sense of ancient misery and present evil are all—allowing for the difference of centuries and race and education—points in which the Greek and the English poets meet in community of nature."^§ Aristoteles thus refers to his Anti-kreophagist teaching: "As Empedoklês affirms on the subject of not butchering that which has life: 'for this principle is not right here and wrong there; but is a principle of law to all'" (Rhetorike 1. 13 : Of Acts of Injustice and Matters of Equity.)

Transcriber's Notes

Howard Williams, The Ethics of Diet, A Cantena ([First Edition:] London & Manchester, 1883); The Ethics of Diet, A Biographical History of the Literature of Human Dietetics, From the Earliest Period to the Present Day, ([2nd Edition Expanded and Revised:] Manchester & London, 1896); ([Abridged Edition:] London & Manchester, 1907); The Ethics of Diet, A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of Flesh Eating with a Introduction by Carol Adams ([Fascimile Reprint of the 1st Edition with an Appendix of Additions from the 2nd Edition] University of Illinois, 1995); [Online Edition, transcribed from the 2nd edition of 1896] (Animal Rights History, 2006).

"Now we can join Gandhi and Tolstoy and nameless others who encountered this vigorous and invigorating book. Welcome to a company of radicals who believed we could and should stop eating non-human animals. They brought vegetarianism out of history and into the here and now."—from the introduction by Carol Adams.

p33-^* In the eloquent verses in which, after having sung the praises of Sicily as "for many reasons the object of admiration of the world," he proceeds to glorify "the Acragantine," as "its most illustrious, saint-like, a marvellous, and precious offspring," so that "he seems to be scarcely of human birth " De Rerum Naturâ, I, 715-735. ^[33-*back]

p33-^† In this last [Greek omitted] the poet insists (as far as can be collected from the fragment) on moral conduct as the only true and efficacious method of averting disease and other evils. ^[34-†back]

p34-^* Cp., the remarkable, similar, expressions of the elder Plinius Quisquis est Deus, si modo est alias, quâcunque in parte, totus est sensus, totus visus, totus auditus, totus animus, His. Nat. I. I.^[34-*back]

p34-^† See Studies of the Greek Poets, by T. A. Symonds, 1873, from which the above fragments are quoted. One of the most considerable of the poems of Matthew Arnold has Empedoklês on Etna as its subject. ^{[119-†back]}

p34-^‡ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biograophy, Ed. by Dr. W. Smith, 1859. ^[34-†back]

p34-^§ Studies of the Greek Poets by J. A. Symonds, 1873. The Fragments, with commentary, edited by F. W. Sturz, were published at Leipzig, 1805. ^[34-§back]